@article { author = {Mohammed Salih,, Yusra and Murad, Sherko and Tahir, Brzu}, title = {Air Temperature Prediction Using Different Datamining Approaches In Sulaymaniyah City In Iraq}, journal = {Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {114-123}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Garmian}, issn = {27065944}, eissn = {27065952}, doi = {10.24271/psr.21}, abstract = {Climate change has a historical impact at universal and local levels over the past era. Climate change is one of the greatest challenge issues in the globe for meteorological research. Air temperature estimation, in particular, has been measured as a significant feature in weather impression studies on industrial sectors, environmental, ecological, and agricultural. Accurately predicting air temperature guides to measure lifestyle, perform a key character for the government, industries, and public in development activities. In this paper, we investigate the use of various data mining approaches such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision tree (DT), and Naïve Bayes for air temperature prediction within Sulaymaniyah City in Kurdistan, IRAQ. The metrological data is collected from the local Weather Forecast Department in the city within the range 2013 to 2018 inclusive. A dataset for the metrological data was developed and used to train the data mining algorithms. The proposed data mining algorithms were tested on the dataset to predict the air temperature and the performance of these algorithms were compared using standard performance metrics. Support vector machine has accomplished promising performance among using algorithms}, keywords = {Air Temperature Prediction,Support vector machine (SVM),Decision Tree (DT),Naïve Bayes (NB),climate change,Weather Forecast}, url = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_131796.html}, eprint = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_131796_e5ee1336805c1f6fdca88c1b07eafa26.pdf} } @article { author = {Star, Bnar and Haghnazari, Nahid and Karami, Changiz}, title = {Detection of copper ions using modified gold nanoparticles by two-functional groups}, journal = {Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {114-120}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Garmian}, issn = {27065944}, eissn = {27065952}, doi = {10.24271/psr.23}, abstract = {In this study, gold nanoparticles were fabricated using two different functional groups such as crown ether and carboxylic acid and evaluated as a sensor to detect copper ions in an aqueous solution. The Au-crown/carboxylic is characterized with TEM, FTIR spectroscopy. To compare the response of the sensor to copper ions, the UV-vis spectrum was characterized before and after the increase of Cu2+ ions. The mechanism to be considered for measuring copper ions in aqueous solutions is that Cu2+ ions can successfully complexation with Au-crown/carboxylic which comes with color changes from red to blue. In the range of 75 nM to 1250 nM, the link between the decrease in adsorption intensity and the concentration of Cu2+ ions at A630/A545 is linear with 0.9814 and 150 nM correlation coefficient and the limit of detection, respectively. In other words, among several other cations, the sensor assay especially measures copper ions and also has very simple and able to measure and detect copper ions in an aqueous solution.}, keywords = {Nano probe,Sensor,crown ethers,Carboxylic acid,copper (II)}, url = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_133281.html}, eprint = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_133281_2f4de5f543cd88c5105a2812d0f83190.pdf} } @article { author = {Kakarash, Zana and Karim, Sarkhel and Ahmed, Nawroz and Omar, Govar}, title = {New Topology Control base on Ant Colony Algorithm in Optimization of Wireless Sensor Network}, journal = {Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {123-129}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Garmian}, issn = {27065944}, eissn = {27065952}, doi = {10.24271/psr.22}, abstract = {Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have found great appeal and popularity among researchers, especially in the field of monitoring and surveillance tasks. However, it has become a challenging issue due to the need to balance different optimization criteria such as power consumption, packet loss rate, and network lifetime, and coverage. The novelty of this research discusses the applications, structures, challenges, and issues we face in designing WSNs. And proposed new Topology control mechanisms it will focus more on building a reliable and energy efficient network topology step by step through defining available amount of energy for each node within its cluster, sorting all within header, and selecting an active one (more power header) for signal routing. While sensor cover topology demonstrates network monitoring capability, connection topology should remain as a requirement for the successful delivery of information including queries, data collected, and control messages. How to build an optimized coating topology while remaining efficient and low-cost connection is not well understood and needs further research. Power control and power management are two different types of topology controllers. Also in our study, we examine network lifetime, compared to other schemas time of death of the first node and the last node, and found that network lifetime was increased. Finally, a topology control method for extending network lifetime is presented.}, keywords = {Topology control,Wireless Sensor Network,Network Lifetime,Energy,Ant Colony Algorithm}, url = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_133280.html}, eprint = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_133280_d592655ada453ce8e0856e10e8289327.pdf} } @article { author = {Ramadan, Ayad}, title = {Ranking of Fuzzy Numbers by using Scaling Method}, journal = {Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {137-143}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Garmian}, issn = {27065944}, eissn = {27065952}, doi = {10.24271/psr.24}, abstract = {In this paper, we presented for the first time a multidimensional scaling approach to find the scaling as well as the ranking of triangular fuzzy numbers. Each fuzzy number was represented by a row in a matrix, and then found the configuration points (scale points) which represent the fuzzy numbers in . Since these points are not uniquely determined, then we presented different techniques to reconfigure the points to compare them with other methods. The results showed the ability of ranking fuzzy numbers.}, keywords = {Fuzzy Numbers,Ranking,scaling method,Multidimensional scaling}, url = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_133282.html}, eprint = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_133282_11c9075b8e75e97479e86cdd9bdebed4.pdf} } @article { author = {Seidi, Pegah and Kamali, Aram and Didehdar, Maryam and Ali, Ismail and Jaff, Dilshad}, title = {Mental health outcomes of COVID-19 quarantine in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A Case-Control Study}, journal = {Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {144-149}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Garmian}, issn = {27065944}, eissn = {27065952}, doi = {10.24271/psr.25}, abstract = {This study was designed to evaluate the association of COVID-19 quarantine with the mental health outcomes in the Kurdistan region of Iraq according to key measures of this study. We conducted a matched case–control study within the cohort of all quarantined persons from February 22 through March 31, 2020 (n=300) in Kurdistan region of Iraq. Participants were matched on gender, age, marital status, and education level. Mental health outcomes measured by General Health Questioner (GHQ-28), Impact of event scale – revised (IES-R), and Fear of COVID-19(FC-19S) using an online form. Data analyzed with a t-test and Multiple Regression analysis (confidence intervals=99%). The final study sample included 102 cases and 106 controls, (69% participation rate). Cases showed significantly higher scores in general health questionnaire(t=4.57, p}, keywords = {Quarantine,Covid-2019,mental health}, url = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_133283.html}, eprint = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_133283_02938a9b53bca0da95ac7ec2e806c825.pdf} } @article { author = {Ahmed, Rebwar and Mahmmod, Shakhawan and Kakarash, Nawroz and Baba SHekh, Muhamad}, title = {Conventional and Molecular Diagnosis of Theileriosis (Theileria annulata) in Cattle in Sulaimani Province, Northern Iraq.}, journal = {Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {150-155}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Garmian}, issn = {27065944}, eissn = {27065952}, doi = {10.24271/psr.26}, abstract = {Theileria annulata has been identified as a major cause of bovine theileriosis in Iraq. The research was designed to reveal the prevalence of Theileriosis (Theileria annulata) in cattle in Sulaimani province, Kurdistan Region- Iraq from the 10th of March 2021 to the 10th of April 2021. Eighty blood samples were collected. Different techniques of parasitic detection, including Microscopic and PCR amplification were used. The results of microscopic examination and PCR assay revealed that 27.5% and 31.25% cattle were infected, respectively. The microscopic examination of the Giemsa-stained blood smears of infected erythrocytes revealed the typical morphological structure of piroplasm. According to the phylogenetic analysis of the partial 18S ribosomal RNA gene, Theileria field isolates were shown to be related to other T. annulata strains, including those from Turkey, Italy, and Pakistan.This study concludes that T. annulata is the causative agent of theileriosis of cattle in Sulaimani province and suggests that PCR technique is excellent tools for epidemiological researches and control programs.}, keywords = {T. annulata,Tropical theileriosis,Blood smear,PCR,Sulaimani province}, url = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_133285.html}, eprint = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_133285_acb309ff86cdb8564b2b987d664232f7.pdf} } @article { author = {Sidiq, Karzan}, title = {Prevalence of COVID-19 and Possible Antigenic Drifts in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in Kurdistan Region-Iraq}, journal = {Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {-}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Garmian}, issn = {27065944}, eissn = {27065952}, doi = {10.24271/psr.27}, abstract = {The COVID-19 is an on-going viral pandemic that has been affecting the public health, routine life and global economy. The disease is caused by a novel strain of coronavirus, called SARS-CoV-2 virus. The COVID-19 outbreak has been reporting in Kurdistan region of Iraq since March 2020. However, few studies investigated the epidemiology of COVID-19 and SARS CoV-2 virus in the region. This study aims at investigating the epidemiological situations of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 variants in Kurdistan region over a year of the pandemic. The results revealed that the prevalence of COVID-19 is 1.9% in the region and is still in parallel to the neighbouring countries and the entire world. The mortality is 59 per 100,000 populations that may be related with age, as 25 % of the patients are older than 50 years old, and underlying health conditions of the patients might be another reason. Meanwhile, the recovery rate is high (90.5%), suggesting a standard medical management of COVID-19 in the region. It was observed that males comprise the greater number of COVID-19 patients. Like other countries, Kurdistan region passed through two waves of COVID-19 and currently tackling the third wave. On the other hand, the investigated spike proteins of nine isolates of SARS-CoV-2 in Kurdistan showed five isolates with single (D614G) mutation and four isolates with multiple amino acid substitutions (A348S, T478K and D614G), (L452R, E583D and D614G) and (N501Y, A570D and D614G), of which A348S, L452R and T478K and N501Y are in the receptor binding domain (RBD). Interestingly, all the isolates in Kurdistan contained D614G mutation. The D614G mutation alone and in combination with other mutations makes the SARS-CoV-2 virus more infectious and transmissible, so virulent variants of the virus is currently circulating and might be the cause of third wave of COVID-19 in Kurdistan region. The detection of N501Y and A570D mutations indicate the circulation of the UK variant of concern in Kurdistan region. Moreover, the results showed that the altered amino acids (A348S, L452R and T478K and N501Y) in the RBD of spike protein are located in the predicted B-cell epitopes. This could possibly reduce the sensitivity of some neutralizing antibodies, produced after infection with the previous variants or after vaccination. This and future investigations of COVID-19 epidemiology and SARS-CoV-2 variants definitely provide insights to the Kurdistan health officials to evaluate, control and predict the course of COVID-19 pandemic and to order the right version of vaccine.}, keywords = {COVID-19,Prevalence,Mortality rate,Spike protein,Antigenic drift,SARS-CoV-2 variants}, url = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_133284.html}, eprint = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_133284_5ce8e7c3b8a1ffca03210ef0085d3621.pdf} } @article { author = {Shahab, Hanaa and husain, yousif}, title = {Theoretical Study for Chemical Reactivity Descriptors of Tetrathiafulvalene in gas phase and solvent phases based on Density Functional Theory}, journal = {Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {167-173}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Garmian}, issn = {27065944}, eissn = {27065952}, doi = {10.24271/psr.28}, abstract = {The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of solvent polarity on the frontier molecular orbitals energy gap and global chemical reactivity of Tetrathiafulvalene in order to understand the stability and reactivity of Tetrathiafulvalene in a different solvent medium. Density functional theory with (B3LYP/6-311++G) basis set was used to perform a variety of calculations in both the gas and solvent phases. Besides dipole moment, Mulliken charge distribution, and thermodynamic properties were calculated in five solvent phases namely (water, acetone, Tetrahydrofuran (THF), Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and benzene). The calculations were carried out using the Gaussian 09 software, and the results showed that the solvents have an effect on the optimized parameters. Moreover, Mulliken population analysis, and local reactivity as Fukui Functions (FFs) from the natural bond orbitals (NBO) charges are computed to understand the electrophile, nucleophile region, and chemical activity of the title molecule. The dipole moment in gas phase and solvent medium is 0.00 Debye. Also, it was observed that the global chemical reactivity parameters change depending on the molecular structure and polarity of the solvents. Tetrathiafulvalene molecule was observed to have greater stability (low reactivity) in the water solvent with an EHOMO-ELUMO energy gap of 3.946 eV while it has higher reactivity (low stability) in the gas phase with EHOMO-ELUMO energy gap of 3.872eV. finally, this result indicates that Tetrathiafulvalene is an excellent candidate for future studies of semiconductor and optoelectronic materials.}, keywords = {Density functional theory,Fukui functions (FFs),global and local chemical reactivity descriptors, Dipole Moment, Mulliken population analysis, Fukui Functions (FFs)}, url = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_133286.html}, eprint = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_133286_3a63c921d9183319073fcfbe5740ac0a.pdf} } @article { author = {Tayfor, Noor and Mohammed, Snwr}, title = {A Comparison Study of Data Mining Algorithms for blood Cancer Prediction}, journal = {Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {174-179}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Garmian}, issn = {27065944}, eissn = {27065952}, doi = {doi:10.24271/psr.29}, abstract = {Cancer is a common disease that threats the life of one of every three people. This dangerous disease urgently requires early detection and diagnosis. The recent progress in data mining methods, such as classification, has proven the need for machine learning algorithms to apply to large datasets. This paper mainly aims to utilise data mining techniques to classify cancer data sets into blood cancer and non-blood cancer based on pre-defined information and post-defined information obtained after blood tests and CT scan tests. This research conducted using the WEKA data mining tool with 10-fold cross-validation to evaluate and compare different classification algorithms, extract meaningful information from the dataset and accurately identify the most suitable and predictive model. This paper depicted that the most suitable classifier with the best ability to predict the cancerous dataset is Multilayer perceptron with an accuracy of 99.3967%.}, keywords = {Classification Algorithms,prediction,data mining techniques,Blood cancer,Hematology,Weka}, url = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_135735.html}, eprint = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_135735_3e8869aa30d1b6290a6a60168bd5c1cb.pdf} } @article { author = {Mahmmod, Shakhawan and Ahmed, Rebwar and Kakarash, Nawroz and Zangana, Ihsan and Baba Sheikh, Mohammed}, title = {Occurrence of Anaplasmosis (Anaplasma Marginale) in cattle in Sulaimani province, Kurdistan region of Iraq}, journal = {Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {180-186}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Garmian}, issn = {27065944}, eissn = {27065952}, doi = {doi:10.24271/psr.30}, abstract = {The goal of this study was to determine both the incidence of anaplasmosis (Anaplasma Marginale) and phylogenetic relationship between A. marginale isolates from cattle in Sulaimani province, Kurdistan Region- Iraq during (March 10th to April 10th 2021) and those from other Anaplasma spp. A total of two isolates were tested for the major surface protein (msp4) gene for this purpose. Eighty blood samples of cattle (51 males and 29 females) were examined using both microscopic examination and PCR tests. Overall results were 23/80 (28.7 5%) and 8/80 (10 %) using microscopic examination and PCR assay, respectively. Age and sex were not significant factors in the appearance of infection, since no statistically significant difference in infection rate has been observed among sex and age group of cattle (P value >0.05). The results also revealed that the accuracies of traditional method and PCR assays in the diagnosis of the disease were 81 %, and 100   respectively. There was moderate correlation (0.43) between both techniques by the Kappa (k) test. However, The PCR technique recorded the highest sensitivity (100%) and specify (100%) for A. marginale detection. In conclusion, by the findings of the present study, it has been confirmed for the first time that A. marginale is the causative agent of anaplasmosis of cattle in the study areas and the best technique for the detection of either acute or chronic cases in cattle was the PCR assay.}, keywords = {Anaplasma marginale,Blood smear,PCR,Sulaimani province}, url = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_135736.html}, eprint = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_135736_63fc13978c9bcc223d5b96f90f0b9905.pdf} } @article { author = {Shakor, Mohammed and Surameery, Nigar}, title = {Cloud Computing Technologies Adoption in Higher Education Institutes During COVID-19 Pandemic: Case Study}, journal = {Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {187-193}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Garmian}, issn = {27065944}, eissn = {27065952}, doi = {doi:10.24271/psr.31}, abstract = {The global spread of Covid-19 has enhanced the adoption of virtual education and the use of technology in order to reduce the risk of contagion. Recently, the academics have turn out to be more technology-orientated and the educational establishments continue to seek opportunities in order to adopt an environment where all researchers could have access to high-quality scientific resources at anytime and anywhere in the world. Cloud computing is a model, which provides the users with services and application software on-demand, using the Internet. While the use of cloud computing applications is growing, there are ongoing research challenges related to guaranteeing security, privacy and the integration of the cloud applications. To the extent of our knowledge, the present study is the first from this type to thoroughly present the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on cloud computing environment in higher education institutions in Iraqi universities. This study will critically analysis the views of the faculty staff and researchers in Iraqi universities on cloud computing. It also tries to take a quick look at how Iraqi university staff responded to the epidemic in terms of research activities. The results shows that about 99% of the respondents considered the cloud applications to have great role in encouraging the research works in their institutes. Concerning the benefits of cloud services, the availability and saving cost were selected as most important factors that encouraging the adoption of cloud services. On the other hand, issues related to performance, lack of user control were selected as major problems in applying cloud services in Iraqi institutionsFinally, it can be concluding that reducing the risks of the security, authorization, control and providing better performance of cloud services can enhance the use of cloud applications by researchers at Iraqi universities.}, keywords = {Cloud Computing Application,Cloud services,COVID-19,E-learning,Virtual Learning}, url = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_137458.html}, eprint = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_137458_05bbfea46ca7f9ffe107fb8337167557.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohammed- Amin, Saman and Jaralla, Bushra and Ali, Kameran and Tawfeeq, Hassan}, title = {Prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis among Married Women in Kalar District, Iraqi Kurdistan Region}, journal = {Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {194-199}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Garmian}, issn = {27065944}, eissn = {27065952}, doi = {doi:10.24271/psr.32}, abstract = {Abstract Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an inflammatory disease, caused by polymicrobial infection, including pathogenic bacteria which replace the vaginal normal flora and finally this replacement causes manifestations of several physiological and clinical symptoms among women within different ages. BV has become one of the main problems that make woman patients visit gynecological and obstetric consultant hospitals in most country. The present study is designed to determine the causative pathogen and the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among married women patients in Kalar district. This cross-sectional study was performed from the beginning of March to the mid April-2021 among women who attended Obstetrics and Gynecological governmental hospital and out-patient clinics in Kalar City. Intra vaginal swabs have been collected in sterile Amies transport medium sticks and processed for isolation and identification of bacterial species depending on colony morphology, Gram’s stain and microbiological analysis protocols. Then socio-demographic and gynaecologic data were collected by questionnaire. Out of the 108 participant women who suffered from Gynecological diseases, 67(62.03%) of them exhibited bacterial vaginosis. From the 73 different isolated colonies, 18 bacterial species were identified; coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were the predominant cause of BV (32.84%), followed by E. coli (14.93%), Staphylococcus aureus (13.43%), Klebsiella pneumonia (8.96) and Micrococcus luteus (7.46%), while Proteus spp. and some uncommon bacteria display (1.49%) for each of them. The socio-demographic analysis between positive and negative woman patients revealed that the association between all studied risk factors and BV were statistically significant (P value < 0.05) except the age factor which was statistically non-significant meaning that the age was not associated with BV. In addition, the clinical symptom analysis showed that abnormal vaginal discharge, lower back pain, dysmenorrhea and strawberry were significantly associated with BV (P value < 0.05), while the rest of other factor did not exhibit statistically significant association.}, keywords = {Key words: Bacterial Vaginosis,Prevalence,Women,risk factor,Iraq}, url = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_137460.html}, eprint = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_137460_665e388b48f93c16a5b44925a30b6411.pdf} } @article { author = {Kareem, Mahmood}, title = {The Effect of Laser Shots on Morphological and Optical Properties of Copper Oxide NPs Prepared by Nd-Yag Laser of 1064 nm Wavelengths in Distilled Water}, journal = {Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {200-206}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Garmian}, issn = {27065944}, eissn = {27065952}, doi = {doi:10.24271/psr.33}, abstract = {This study examines the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (NPs) by using a Q-Switched Nd-Yag (1064 nm) laser on copper foil immersed in Distilled Water (DW). The solution color changed to light green refers to the production of copper oxide NPs. The generated nanoparticles were studied to determine their characteristics as a function of pulse laser shots and the NPs were obtained by taking 500 and 1000 laser pulse shots on Cu target. Thin films deposited on both (glass and silicon) substrates were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) techniques. Later, regarding the colloidal nanoparticles, NPs were instantly characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and examined by TEM microscopy. The production rate of Cu-NPs concentration in the colloidal solution was measured by atomic absorption spectra type (ICP-OES), which increased by increasing the number of laser shots in the liquid volume. The Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis resulted in the presence of copper (Cu) and oxygen (O) elements in the film structure with a nearly stoichiometry ratio. The optical energy gap was decreased to (2.44 eV) with increasing the number of laser shots in the colloidal solution.}, keywords = {Copper oxide,Laser Ablation,XRD,FE-SEM,TEM,Energy gap}, url = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_137461.html}, eprint = {https://passer.garmian.edu.krd/article_137461_121319497232812cae57969785518ca0.pdf} }