Biology
Karzan Jalal Salih
Abstract
AbstractThe Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1) protein is one of the ribosomal proteins that is located in the small subunit which is maintained across most of the eukaryotes and functions as a flexible scaffold protein involved in multiple signaling pathways. It is considered as a highly conserved ...
Read More
AbstractThe Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1) protein is one of the ribosomal proteins that is located in the small subunit which is maintained across most of the eukaryotes and functions as a flexible scaffold protein involved in multiple signaling pathways. It is considered as a highly conserved protein that found in a wide range of tryptophan-aspartate (WD40) repeat proteins of eukaryotic organisms, from Chlamydomonas to plants and mammals. RACK1 adopts a propeller structure with seven blades structures, enabling the binding capability of the protein. RACK1 participates in shuttling and anchoring of proteins around the cells at certain positions and it stabilizes protein production during translation. RACK1 is a member of the protein family WD repeat that consists of seven-bladed β- propeller structure which shares important homology to the G-proteins (Gb) β-subunit. It interacts with the ribosomal machinery, multiple receptors of the cell surface and the nuclear proteins. RACK1 is a key mediator of different pathways and contributes to a variety of cellular functional aspects. This review discusses the main function of RACK1 protein in eukaryotes including animals and plants. Furthermore, we will show the recent study on RACK1 function in different organisms.
Agriculture
Khalid Jabar Aziz
Abstract
A cross- sectional survey was conducted in Erbil province from April to July 2021 to estimate the prevalence of major Ixodid ticks on ruminants and to identify tick species using morphological and molecular tools. A total of 687 animals (202 cattle, 287 sheep and 198 goats) examined, and 254 (36.9 %) ...
Read More
A cross- sectional survey was conducted in Erbil province from April to July 2021 to estimate the prevalence of major Ixodid ticks on ruminants and to identify tick species using morphological and molecular tools. A total of 687 animals (202 cattle, 287 sheep and 198 goats) examined, and 254 (36.9 %) were infested. About 381 ticks were collected from examined animals. The result identified two genera of six species of the hard ticks based on morphological, molecular investigation. The identified adult ticks morphologically were belonging to the two Ixodid genera, among which three species belonged to the genus Hyalomma (Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma anatolicum and H. exacavatum), and three species belonged to the genus Rhipocephalus (Rhipocephalus sanguineu, Rhipocephalus turanicus, and Rhipocephalus B. annulatus). R. annulatus was the dominant tick species infesting cattle with 50% which was significantly higher at P>0.05 than the other isolated species. Whereas H. excavatum and R. sanguineus was the prodominant tick species infesting sheep with 29.1% and 28.3 %respectively. While the infestation rate on goats was 16.7%, R. sanguineus was the most prevailed species infesting goats with 45.4% at (P>0.05). R. sanguineus were the predominant tick reported in Erbil governorate with 29.1% at (P>0.05)., while H. excavatum was reported in low percentage in Erbil at 10.2%. DNA samples from sixty ticks were chosen for molecular studies in order to detect tick species using a conventional PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene. All sequences were subjected to a Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) to determine their identities and assess their homologues and similarities to those in the Gen Bank. PCR and the sequencing have confirmed the morphological-based identification, Phylogenetic study revealed that the three Rhipicephalus genotypes revealed from the current study with accession number (MZ663757-MZ663759) were have a highly identical nucleotide sequence 99-100% with a strain of a Rhipicephalus turanicus, R. annulatus and R. sanguineus strain sequence (KY583068, MN594491 and MN594492) from China, and Iraq respectively. On the other hand phylogenetic analysis of Hyalomma genotypes from the present work with accession number (MZ663760-MZ663762) were closely related to a Hyalomma anatolicum, H. marginatum and Hyalomma exacavatum (MK829042, MG418663, and KP210047) from Egypt, Turkey and India respectively.
Nazdar Qudrat Abas; Muhammad Amen; Nazanin Abbas; Muhamad Yusif; Dilshad Jaff
Abstract
Background: First COVID-19 case was recorded on February 26th, 2020 in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). Shortly after the number of cases increased significantly. Limited research has been conducted to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the population in the region about the pandemic. ...
Read More
Background: First COVID-19 case was recorded on February 26th, 2020 in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). Shortly after the number of cases increased significantly. Limited research has been conducted to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the population in the region about the pandemic. Objectives: The objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of the people’s awareness and their attitude towards the pandemic by conducting a knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) survey. Materials and Methods: A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional online survey, and non-probability, convenient sampling of 325 adults, was conducted during a complete lockdown period from 5th to 20th of April, 2020 in KRI. Results: High levels of knowledge and practice, with divided positive and negative attitudes, were found among participants. The study found a positive relationship between knowledge and attitudes and the resulting practice. Conclusions: Studies about the COVID-19 pandemic are very scarce in the KRI. There were no significance differences between the socio-demographic characteristics and levels of knowledge, attitudes and practices. We encourage further KAP studies in the KRI regarding COVID-19 for setting health awareness campaigns in promoting practical information on preventive measures to stop the spread of the virus accordingly.
Environment
Iraj Mubammad Amin; Salim Neimat Azeez; Imran Hasan Ahmad Hasan Ahmad
Abstract
Remote Sensing accompanied with GIS is a powerful way of mapping land-use/cover change at different spatial and temporal resolutions. This study aims to map the urban land use change of the small city of Darbandikhan, in the west of Kurdistan Region-Iraq using Google Earth time series images, as well ...
Read More
Remote Sensing accompanied with GIS is a powerful way of mapping land-use/cover change at different spatial and temporal resolutions. This study aims to map the urban land use change of the small city of Darbandikhan, in the west of Kurdistan Region-Iraq using Google Earth time series images, as well as, field statistical data, from 2003 to 2013 which is considered as the most prosperous economic period within the study area. Results showed that the city has extended by 2.7 times, from almost 1.9 km2in 2003 to 5.3 km2 in 2013, mainly to the North and West of the city considering the potentials of the area. During that period residents have doubled mainly because of the rural movement toward urban areas as the result of economic flourishment caused by the economic evolvement in 2003. Also, the developed map has revealed the fact that the distribution of the facilities, except for schools, is not organized. It has been located in such a way around the city center exclusively. The developed map, also revealed, that the distribution of facilities, except schools, is not well distributed all over the town and mainly maintained around the city center. Furthermore, the roads, as shown on the map, are mostly (90%) less than 15m wide which rarely met the transportation demands of the city.
Agriculture
Abdulrahman M Dogara; Saber W. Hamad; Bawale S Halliru; Nura Wada; Tahir Dalorima
Abstract
The field experiment was conducted in the dry season between December 2012 to April 2013 at Bakori, Bakori local government, Katsina (11033’N, 7036’E). The experiment consisted of 8 treatments levels which include 4 different formulations each; viz: ParaeForce(R) at 150ml / 20L and 200ml ...
Read More
The field experiment was conducted in the dry season between December 2012 to April 2013 at Bakori, Bakori local government, Katsina (11033’N, 7036’E). The experiment consisted of 8 treatments levels which include 4 different formulations each; viz: ParaeForce(R) at 150ml / 20L and 200ml / 20L,AminoForce(R) at 100mL / 15L and 125mL / 15L applied a day before sowing and 4 weeks after sowing and a weedy control. The treatments were laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD). The objective was to evaluate resistant weeds to herbicides (ParaeForce(R) and AminoForce(R)) and their effects on the growth and yield of maize. Result shows that 17 weed species from 11 families were encountered which include Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Doctylocterium aegyptium and Eleusine indica that shows signifcant (≥ 0.05) resistance to ParaeForce(R) + AminoForce(R) at 150mL / 20L followed by 100mL / 15L had 91.70, 87.12 and 49.15% weed control efficiencies at 4,8 and 16WAS. Sequential application of ParaeForce(R) + AminoForce(R) at 200ml/20L followed by 125mL/15L recorded significantly (≥0.05) high maize yield of (6.7kg) in all the three blocks and effective weed control with 86.28, 77.58 and 33.55% weed control efficiencies at 4, 8 and 16WAS. This study recommended the application of ParaeForce(R) and AminoForce(R) at 200mL/20L followed by 125mL/15L as an alternative way of reducing weed resistance to ParaeForce(R) + AminoForce(R) formulation and to improved performance of maize yield in the experimental site.
Information technology
Bilal Najmaddin Rashid; Karzan Hussein Sharif; Twana Hussein Shreef
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary technology that has shifted lifestyle from traditional to high-tech. Many critical research studies and investigations have been conducted to improve technology through IoT. IoT has a vast range of applications in many fields such as the military, healthcare, ...
Read More
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary technology that has shifted lifestyle from traditional to high-tech. Many critical research studies and investigations have been conducted to improve technology through IoT. IoT has a vast range of applications in many fields such as the military, healthcare, agriculture, and education. The physical and virtual resources used by the IoT applications include: processor, memory, power consumption, storage usage, network bandwidth, sensor nodes, protocols, or algorithms used in processing and encryption. IoT Simulation tools are the base stone for developing, designing, and evaluating new IoT products before deployment in their target area or environment. It needs good testing and evaluation, which can be done through various simulation tools. This paper explains some of the most popular simulators for IoT research that are currently available. The article is mainly concerned with different simulation tools used in other IoT areas and compared nine simulation tools based on scope, type, programming language, IoT architecture layers, the scale of operation, API integration, cyber resilience simulation, target space, and security measures.Furthermore, the paper provides an excellent discussion; based on the operability of the IoT environment and application simulations and the many other issues, such as selecting a viable simulation for a specific context. In addition, the paper will analyse and compare existing simulation tools, focusing on the most important standard for evaluating IoT simulation tools. By the end, the review simulation tools were discussed.
Information technology
Twana Hussein Shareef; Karzan Hussein Sharif; Bilal Najmaddin Rashid
Abstract
The scales in databases have recently increased, and more expansion is expected in the future. The storage costs gradually have slowed down and quickly expanded the storage capacity. Cloud intrusion has modified the comparisons in recent years. Database performance plays an essential part in the market. ...
Read More
The scales in databases have recently increased, and more expansion is expected in the future. The storage costs gradually have slowed down and quickly expanded the storage capacity. Cloud intrusion has modified the comparisons in recent years. Database performance plays an essential part in the market. Cloud Database focuses on new, conventional databases, specific applications for scalability, dynamic devices, and ease of use. Cloud databases are primarily used for data storage, retrieval, modification, and analysis by tools like business intelligence. These tools can build new business strategies and demonstrate scalability and elasticity while managing vast amounts of data with reliable, customized, and cost-effective services in various applications. This paper provides an overview of cloud computing, Cloud database architecture and kinds, and database as a service. It also highlights the characteristics, deployment, and service model of cloud computing and the performance and functionality of the various SQL and NoSQL cloud database applications and services required to evaluate them. It focuses on the different parameters to assess their performance, such as ease of software portability, transaction capabilities, and the maximum amount of data stored. The primary purpose of this paper is to assist businesses and individuals in understanding how cloud computing may provide them with dependable, personalized, and cost-effective services in many applications.
yadgar hussein shwan
Abstract
This paper presents a model of the optical waveguide of GaN/ AlN on a sapphire based on the different refractive index (n) between the wave's guideline regions and surrounding medium (cladding). The model analysis is done by using finite-difference mode (FDM) solver simulation is performed by FDTD (finite-difference-time-domain). ...
Read More
This paper presents a model of the optical waveguide of GaN/ AlN on a sapphire based on the different refractive index (n) between the wave's guideline regions and surrounding medium (cladding). The model analysis is done by using finite-difference mode (FDM) solver simulation is performed by FDTD (finite-difference-time-domain). In the infrared area, this study reveals a fully unique and rigorous modal analysis waveguide. The investigation includes both primary and single-mode polarization; the waveguide is reliant on the refractive index of the layers, thickness, and substrate type. The primary novelty here for the micro-waveguide single-mode is to realize optical characteristics such as attenuation, amplitude, and full width half maximum (FWHM),which has not been done previously for specific thickness (given thickness) and for that geometrical design. Despite we investigated how Optical waveguides are structures that confine and direct optical signals in a region of a higher effective index than its surrounding media. Our experiment (simulation) aims to investigate the single-mode waveguide of Gallium Nitride/ Aluminum Nitride GaN/ AlN on sapphire of a specified thickness in order to obtain infrared waveguide mode with minimum attenuation. Attenuation refers to any decrease in the propagated signal power that does not affect its waveform while the input wavelength is1.55μm. Additionally describe the characterization of the mode, in keeping with our modal analysis. The waveguides have many applications in various fields such as Optical fiber communication and Photonic integrated circuits.
Biology
Hawraz Farhad Mohammed; Hiewa Othman Dyary; Nahla Muhammad Saeed; Omer Ismaeel Dana; Peshnyar Muhammad Atta Rashid
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis, caused by the avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), is endemic in Sulaymaniyah, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, causing significant economic losses. Fertilized broiler eggs are imported from different countries and used by the poultry farms in the region. However, a systematic ...
Read More
Avian infectious bronchitis, caused by the avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), is endemic in Sulaymaniyah, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, causing significant economic losses. Fertilized broiler eggs are imported from different countries and used by the poultry farms in the region. However, a systematic comparative study about the rate of IBV infection and maternal antibodies has not been conducted in the poultry farms of this area. Accordingly, this study was designed to compare the levels of maternal antibodies in relation to infection rates between broilers imported from different sources. From the first day until the birds reached marketing ages, eighty-five broiler farms were supervised in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate from January to December 2019. The sources of chicks were firstly recorded, and maternal antibody titers against IBV in 1–4 days old chicks were measured in 10 chicks randomly selected from each of the 85 farms. Later, the birds were observed for clinical signs relevant to infection with avian infectious bronchitis, and infections were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results indicated that fertilized eggs were imported from five sources: Belgium, Bulgaria, Iran, Turkey, and the Netherlands. All chicks had maternal antibodies against IBV, with no statistically significant difference between the antibody titers (p > 0.05). However, infections occurred in 51.8% (44/85) of the farms at an average age of 22.8 days. We conclude that maternal antibodies cannot protect >10-day-old broilers, and suitable vaccination programs using local variants of the virus are necessary to eradicate IBV in Sulaymaniyah governorate, Kurdistan Region.
Information technology
Dalshad Jaafar Hussein; Mstafa Nihad Rashad; Kosar Ibrahim Mirza; dana LATEEF hussein
Abstract
Widespread internet use and the web have brought about new ways of expressing individual sentiments. A sentiment is defined as an individual's view in which feelings, attitudes, and thoughts can be represented. When it comes to analysing and extracting Sentiment analysis and opinion mining are two of ...
Read More
Widespread internet use and the web have brought about new ways of expressing individual sentiments. A sentiment is defined as an individual's view in which feelings, attitudes, and thoughts can be represented. When it comes to analysing and extracting Sentiment analysis and opinion mining are two of the most prominent disciplines of research. They derive insights using text data through numerous sources like Facebook and Twitter. Sentiment analysis frequently elicits information on how people feel about various events, brands, products, or businesses. Researchers collect and improvise replies from the general public to conduct evaluations. This paper looks into sentiment analysis for classifying Twitter subscriber tweets. This approach can help analysing the information gathered and stored in positive, neutral and negative opinions. This information is first pre-processed before creating feature vectors. On the basis of machine learning, classification methods were used. The study's algorithms are used Maximum Entropy, Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machine; they are used to categorize documents as positive or negative. The dataset for this paper are obtained from Twitter and includes subscribed tweets by using the API. Following pre-processing, machine learning methods are used to determine whether the tweets are positive or negative.
Karzan Jalal Salih
Abstract
The ribosome is a macromolecular system that has a significant role in synthesizing protein within all living cells. Ribosome in eucaryotic cell consists of two subunits; including small (40S) and large (60S) ribosomal subunits. Moreover, each subunit contains one or more molecules of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) ...
Read More
The ribosome is a macromolecular system that has a significant role in synthesizing protein within all living cells. Ribosome in eucaryotic cell consists of two subunits; including small (40S) and large (60S) ribosomal subunits. Moreover, each subunit contains one or more molecules of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and several ribosomal proteins (r-protein). The purification and isolation of ribosomal proteins from the other cellular organelles are a highly complicated process which needs to do several purification steps to get the desired ribosomal proteins. In this study, the cytosolic ribosomal proteins in the Arabidopsis thaliana cell culture have been purified from other organelles. Also, several types of proteases have been studied to find the best one that hydrolyzes peptide bonds that are used in mass spectrometry protein identification applications. The results have shown that by using double addition of sucrose cushion into the purified sample and using trypsin enzyme, we could purify large number of ribosomal proteins in the sample.
