Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

Occurrence of Anaplasmosis (Anaplasma Marginale) in cattle in Sulaimani province, Kurdistan region of Iraq

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

2 College of Agriculture, University of Duhok, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

3 Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Sulaimani Veterinary Directorate, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

doi:10.24271/psr.30

Abstract

The goal of this study was to determine both the incidence of anaplasmosis (Anaplasma Marginale) and phylogenetic relationship between A. marginale isolates from cattle in Sulaimani province, Kurdistan Region- Iraq during (March 10th to April 10th 2021) and those from other Anaplasma spp. A total of two isolates were tested for the major surface protein (msp4) gene for this purpose. Eighty blood samples of cattle (51 males and 29 females) were examined using both microscopic examination and PCR tests. Overall results were 23/80 (28.7 5%) and 8/80 (10 %) using microscopic examination and PCR assay, respectively. Age and sex were not significant factors in the appearance of infection, since no statistically significant difference in infection rate has been observed among sex and age group of cattle (P value >0.05). The results also revealed that the accuracies of traditional method and PCR assays in the diagnosis of the disease were 81 %, and 100   respectively. There was moderate correlation (0.43) between both techniques by the Kappa (k) test. However, The PCR technique recorded the highest sensitivity (100%) and specify (100%) for A. marginale detection. In conclusion, by the findings of the present study, it has been confirmed for the first time that A. marginale is the causative agent of anaplasmosis of cattle in the study areas and the best technique for the detection of either acute or chronic cases in cattle was the PCR assay.

Keywords

  1. References

    1. Watthanadirek, A. et al. Molecular and recombinant characterization of major surface protein 5 from Anaplasma marginale. Acta Trop. 220, 105933 (2021).
    2. Inokuma, H. Vectors and reservoir hosts of Anaplasmataceae. in Rickettsial diseases 211–224 (CRC Press, 2007).
    3. Bovine Anaplasmosis. 999–1013 https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.04.01_BOVINE_ANAPLASMOSIS.pdf (2018).
    4. Kocan, K. M., De La Fuente, J., Blouin, E. F. & Garcia-Garcia, J. C. Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae): recent advances in defining host–pathogen adaptations of a tick-borne rickettsia. Parasitology 129, S285–S300 (2004).
    5. Radostits, O. M., Gay, C. C., Hinchcliff, K. W. & Constable, P. D. Veterinary Medicine E-Book: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. (Elsevier Health Sciences, 2006).
    6. Richey, E. J. Bovine anaplasmosis. in American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference 3–11 (1991).
    7. Kocan, K. M., Blouin, E. F. & Barbet, A. F. Anaplasmosis control: past, present, and future. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 916, 501–509 (2000).
    8. Regitano, L. C. de A. & Prayaga, K. Ticks and tick-borne diseases in cattle. Dis. Resist. farm Anim. Oxfordsh. CAB Int. 295–314 (2010).
    9. Jaswal, H., Bal, M. S., Singla, L. D., Gupta, K. & Brar, A. P. S. Pathological observations on clinical Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle. Parasit. Dis. 39, 495–498 (2015).
    10. Atif, F. A. Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum: Rickettsiales pathogens of veterinary and public health significance. Res. 114, 3941–3957 (2015).
    11. Latif, B.M.A.andAli, S. R. Prevalence of Bovine anaplasmosis inIraq. J.Vet.Med. 13, 91–95 (1989).
    12. Salih Mustafa, B. H. CLINICAL AND HEMATOLOGICAL STUDY ON OVINE ANAPLASMOSIS IN SULAIMANI PROVINCE-IRAQ. Basrah J. Vet. Res. 10, (2011).
    13. Ameen, K. A. H., Abdullah, B. A. & Abdul-Razaq, R. A. Seroprevalence of Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale in domestic animals in Erbil, Iraq. Iraqi J. Vet. Sci. 26, 109–114 (2012).
    14. Gati, J. A. Seroprevalence of Anaplasma marginalae among cows in Nasiriya city-South of Iraq-by competitive Elisa. AL-Qadisiyah J. Vet. Med. Sci. 11, 105–108 (2012).
    15. Al-gharban, H. A. J. Serological diagnosis of persistent infection with Anaplasma marginale bacteria in cattle. Iraqi J. Vet. Med. 39, 33–39 (2015).
    16. Al-Ethafa, L. F. M., Al-Galebi, A. A. S. & Al-Hassani, M. K. A. Microscopic-serologic survey of Anaplasma marginale Rickettsia in Buffaloes in Al-Qadisiyah and Babylon Governorates, Iraq. Pure Appl. Microbiol. 13, 1745–1751 (2019).
    17. Noaman, V., Shayan, P. & Amininia, N. Molecular diagnostic of Anaplasma marginale in carrier cattle. J. Parasitol. 26–33 (2009).
    18. Aktas, M., Altay, K. & Dumanli, N. Molecular detection and identification of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species in cattle from Turkey. Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis. 2, 62–65 (2011).
    19. El-Metenawy, T. M. Prevalence of blood parasites among cattle at the central area of Saudi Arabia. Protozool. Res. 10, 6–13 (2000).
    20. Al-Khalifa, M. S., Hussein, H. S., Diab, F. M. & Khalil, G. M. Blood parasites of livestock in certain regions in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 16, 63–67 (2009).
    21. Amira, A.-H. et al. Tick species identification and molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens in blood and ticks collected from cattle in Egypt. Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis. 12, 101676 (2021).
    22. Goff, W. L. et al. Comparison of a DNA probe, complement-fixation and indirect immunofluorescence tests for diagnosing Anaplasma marginale in suspected carrier cattle. Microbiol. 24, 381–390 (1990).
    23. Bradway, D. S., de Echaide, S. T., Knowles, D. P., Hennager, S. G. & McElwain, T. F. Sensitivity and specificity of the complement fixation test for detection of cattle persistently infected with Anaplasma marginale. Vet. diagnostic Investig. 13, 79–81 (2001).
    24. Dumler, J. S. et al. Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combi. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51, 2145–2165 (2001).
    25. Shabana, I. I., Alhadlag, N. M. & Zaraket, H. Diagnostic tools of caprine and ovine anaplasmosis: a direct comparative study. BMC Vet. Res. 14, 1–8 (2018).
    26. Fosgate, G. T. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of methods for detecting Anaplasma marginale infection in lactating dairy cattle of Puerto Rico. Vet. diagnostic Investig. 22, 192–199 (2010).
    27. Reinbold, J. B. et al. Comparison of iatrogenic transmission of Anaplasma marginale in Holstein steers via needle and needle-free injection techniques. J. Vet. Res. 71, 1178–1188 (2010).
    28. Adam, K. M. G., Paul, J. & Zaman, V. Medical and veterinary protozoology. An illustrated guide. Vet. Protozool. An Illus. Guid. (1971).
    29. Benjamin, M. M. Outline of veterinary clinical pathology. (Iowa State University Press., 1978).
    30. Bowman, D. D. Georgis’ Parasitology for Veterinarians-E-Book. (Elsevier Health Sciences, 2008).
    31. Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Biol. Evol. 33, 1870–1874 (2016).
    32. Saitou, N. & Nei, M. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Biol. Evol. 4, 406–425 (1987).
    33. Felsenstein, J. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution (N. Y). 39, 783–791 (1985).
    34. Kimura, M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Mol. Evol. 16, 111–120 (1980).
    35. Noaman, V. & Shayan, P. Comparison of microscopy and PCR-RFLP for detection of Anaplasma marginale in carrier cattle. J. Microbiol. 2, 89 (2010).
    36. Noaman, V. & Bastani, D. Molecular study on infection rates of Anaplasma ovis and Anaplasma marginale in sheep and cattle in West-Azerbaijan province, Iran. in Veterinary Research Forum 7 163 (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran, 2016).
    37. Coetzeea, J. F., Apleya, M. D., Kocanb, K. M., Rurangirwac, F. R. & Van Donkersgoedd, J. Comparison of three oxytetracycline regimens for the treatment of persistent Anaplasma marginale infections in beef cattle. Parasitol. 127, 61–73 (2005).
    38. Carelli, G. et al. Detection and quantification of Anaplasma marginale DNA in blood samples of cattle by real-time PCR. Microbiol. 124, 107–114 (2007).
    39. Noaman, V. & Shayan, P. A new PCR-RFLP method for detection of Anaplasma marginale based on 16S rRNA. Res. Commun. 34, 43–50 (2010).
    40. Nazifi, S., Razavi, S. M., Mansourian, M., Nikahval, B. & Moghaddam, M. Studies on correlations among parasitaemia and some hemolytic indices in two tropical diseases (theileriosis and anaplasmosis) in Fars province of Iran. Anim. Health Prod. 40, 47–53 (2008).
    41. Kumar, S., Sudan, V. & Shanker, D. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Anaplasma marginale major surface protein (MSP5) gene. Vet. Parasitol. 34, 89–94 (2020).
    42. M’ghirbi, Y. et al. Anaplasma marginale and A. phagocytophilum in cattle in Tunisia. Vectors 9, 1–8 (2016).
    43. Singh, H., Haque, M., Singh, N. K. & Rath, S. S. Molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale infection in carrier cattle. Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis. 3, 55–58 (2012).
    44. Jassem, G. A. & Agaar, O. A. Molecular and biochemical study of Anaplasma marginale in cattle in Wassit Province of Iraq. African J. Bacteriol. Res. 7, 36–41 (2015).
    45. Byaruhanga, C. et al. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma centrale amongst transhumant cattle in north-eastern Uganda. Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis. 9, 580–588 (2018).
    46. Sisson, D., Hufschmid, J., Jolles, A., Beechler, B. & Jabbar, A. Molecular characterisation of anaplasma species from african buffalo (syncerus caffer) in kruger national park, South Africa. Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis. 8, 400–406 (2017).
    47. Khan, A. et al. Bovine theileriosis: Prevalence, estimation of hematological profile and chemotherapy in cattle in Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. Sci. Res. J. Eng. Technol. Sci. 32, 8–17 (2017).
    48. Kocan, K. M., De la Fuente, J., Guglielmone, A. A. & Meléndez, R. D. Antigens and alternatives for control of Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16, 698–712 (2003).
Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences
Volume 3, Issue 2
September 2021
Pages 180-186