Unsteady MHD Darcy-Forchheimer Maxwell Fluid Flow with Thermal Radiation and Dufour Effect

This study explores the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Darcy-Forchheimer flow of a viscous, incompressible, and electrically conducting Maxwell fluid over a vertically stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium, with applications in various industrial fields such as polymer extrusion, chemical reactors, and heat exchangers. The research incorporates key physical phenomena like the Dufour effect (diffusion thermo), thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, Joule heating, thermophoresis, and Brownian motion. These factors are critical in optimizing thermal management and fluid flow in systems that involve complex fluids and porous media, such as enhanced oil recovery, groundwater hydrology, and material processing. By transforming the governing partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations through non-dimensional and similarity transformations, the study applies the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method and shooting technique to solve the system. The effects of various parameters, such as magnetic field strength, Darcy-Forchheimer number, and thermal radiation, are analyzed on the velocity, temperature, and concentration fields. The study presents tabulated results for the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number, showing excellent agreement with existing literature. These findings contribute to optimizing processes in industries requiring efficient heat and mass transfer, particularly in environments involving porous media and electrically conducting fluids.