CaO Nps Biosynthesis Via Different Precursors and Quince Leaf Extract Concentrations under Varying pH

This study explores a novel and sustainable approach to biosynthesis of calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO NPs) using quince leaf extract utilizing from different types and concentrations of calcium precursor salts, different quince leaf extract concentrations, and various pH at 20°C. This approach provided a systematic optimization and valuable roadmap for tailoring NPs properties, such as particle size and shape, that led to improving the specific surface area of nanoparticles, which is crucial in nanoscience applications. FESEM showed a spherical form of CaO NPs with average sizes of 21.42, 28.72, and 25.07 nm for CaN, CaC, and CaCl precursors, respectively, which are in good agreement with XRD results. High purity and absence of organic contaminants were confirmed by EDX and FTIR. The bandgap energies of the synthesized CaO NPs from CaN, CaC, and CaCl at optimum conditions are 4.38, 4.40, and 4.23 eV, respectively, indicating a strong quantum confinement effect. UV-Vis peaks of the quince leaf extract detected the bioactive required for NPs formation, and the excitonic peak at 282 nm in the optical absorption spectra of CaO NPs reflected quantum confinement. High-quality CaO NPs with superior optical and crystalline properties, especially those synthesized from CaN. Optimization of the independent variables has been correlated using Box–Wilson statistical method, and the interaction of the variables showed a quadratic model with a high R2 of 0.961.