Evaluation of Salivary Inflammatory Biomarkers in Periodontitis Before and After Non-Surgical Therapy

Periodontal disease defined as a sustained state of inflammation identified by gradual breakdown of supporting structures of tooth comprising connective tissue plus alveolar bone. Inflammatory biomarkers in saliva including matrix metalloproteinase.9, prostaglandin E₂, alkaline phosphatase have a key function in inflammatory process, collagen breakdown, and bone remodeling. Evaluating their concentrations in relation to periodontal health and following treatment may offer important information regarding disease progression and therapeutic effects. The present research intended to investigate impact exerted by nonsurgical periodontal therapy on salivary concentrations regarding MMP-9, PGE₂, ALP in patients with generalized moderate to sever periodontitis, and to determine how they relate to clinical /periodontal/ parameters. Sixty participants meeting inclusion criteria were enrolled and organized into a pair of categories: control category (n = 30) Exhibiting a clinically healthy periodontium and a study category (n = 30) clinically confirmed to have generalized moderate to severe periodontitis. Periodontal clinical indices comprising Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Probing Pocket Depth and Clinical Attachment Loss, along with salivary concentrations of MMP-9, PGE₂, and ALP, were documented at baseline for both categories. The stud y category underwent scaling and root surface debridement, followed by six weeks’ follow-up assessment to reevaluate therapeutic changes. ELISA was used to assess the level of salivary inflammatory biomarkers.
The finding demonstrated that, at baseline, periodontitis patients displayed substantially higher clinical indices and salivary inflammatory biomarker levels relative to controls. Direct positive association was observed between salivary biomarkers and disease severity. Both periodontal parameters as well as salivary biomarker levels decreased notably alongside association between salivary biomarkers and clinical parameters becoming weaker or even inverse after nonsurgical periodontal treatment. In conclusion, the simultaneous improvement in clinical parameters and decline in salivary MMP-9, PGE₂, and ALP levels underscores their values as non-invasive indicators for tracking periodontal disease advancement and evaluating responsiveness of therapy